Shirky Chapters 8-10

Chapter eight from Shirky starts out pretty interesting but then half ways through the chapter I just seem to get lost in what he is trying to explain. As chapter eight starts by introducing you to a Prisoners’ Dilemma as they call it, this is thought to be a scientific experiment which helps analyze how and why people make some certain decisions. Robert Axelrod, a sociologist at the University of Michigan who was studying the iterated version extensively which is simply the dismal Nash equilibrium meaning that when we are in a situation you and I cannot communicate with each other which only gives us one best option and that is the Nash equilibrium. Robert staged tournaments for different types of software that well have the ability to emulate the prisoners. These strategies were called Tit-for-Tat, were the outcomes were measured by adding and deduction points depending on all the various outcomes throughout all the different tournaments that were ran. Calming that these programs are highly simplified or a pretty close version to how people come to a decision in real life. But of course Clay Shirky, is not actually clamming that social tools can help us solve dilemmas. Instead he offers a number of way where social tools can strengthen our abilities to address them and be more aware of how they work. Shirky continues with some same variation of explanations for different types of social dilemmas through the next two chapters nine and ten. In chapter nine Shirky explores the six Degrees of Separation. This helped clues on homophily (which is the grouping of like with like), developing heavy and sparse connections throughout the same time and how bonding capital tends to be more exclusive and bridging capital more inclusive.  This chapter it was very interesting being able to understand the core elements of the small networks and larger networks ability to be held together making this chapter much more enjoyable for me since it was an easier read compared to some of the other chapters.  Rather than reading chapters where he tries to define and explain new phenomenon’s which just gets me really confused. 

New Media and Politics Group

The New media and politics group had us use this very cool website to answer question they asked use about certain issues as we texted a number they provided us with our answers. This was used to prove how technology would be much more useful and effective. In 1920 when the radio started to be used more often and also emerge as a news media for politics it was one of the main mediums used. Then later on during 1965-1973 the television started to storm though out the world and started to be used as well for candidates’ campaigns to gain support. Now a couple of years later in the 20^th century this has completely changed. Politics and news use all sorts of medium’s to get information out to the people or if they are trying to reach out to a certain group.  For example, 50% of people do online/ emails to get news around or be able to reach a group of people at the same time and there is 10% who use apps and texting for the same purpose. One great example of these mediums being used are during campaigns if the politics when they are trying to raise money, by using the internet, apps, emails and television to reach out to people it is more likely more people will be willing to donate digitally rather than mailing this or going to a campaign held by the politics. This comes to show that media has a great effect to the people depending on how the information that is being shared could influence the views of each politician. The number of forging bureaus reduced by 50% by news corporations, because covering un-important news such as Justin Bieber got arrested last week is much cheaper than having bureaus anywhere in the world. In 2008 Barak Obama was the first president to use a great amount of social media to win the campaign and now currently Donald Trump is the top dog of social medias as he becomes talked about all over the news with all the ignorant remarks he has to say he is well all over Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. This  group had a great presentation but at the end i feel like lots of the information was repeated by the other group members just in different forms, but the overall presentation was great except some of the slide shows were kept up for a couple seconds making it hard to get all the information.   

Social Media Group

Today there was another expert group presenting during our class time on the topic about social media. This topic can sometimes be confusing as well as overwhelming for many people. Being one of the very first internets activates to trend worldwide. Out of 7.2 billion people: there are just over 3 billion active internet users (45%).  There are many reasons why people use social media and the abilities are still growing. Some very obvious examples of why social Medias are so popular are the fact that we are allowed to share information and communicate at faster rates than other available ways that we have had in the past. For example, some of earlier history methods of communication that would be used to communicate are writing letters to each other, using the telegraph which was created in 1792, the telephone, radio, and then comes along the computer which revolutionized social media itself. Some of the first recognizable social medias that were around first were six degrees as it moved to more of a blogging page then eventually turned into a social media. Some of the most popular social medias of today are Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat, Tumbler, Instagram, Yik Yak, etc. all these different social medias are used to every ones advantages. For instance, it could be used as a psychology of humans because we as humans like talking about ourselves in social media such as twitter and Facebook allow us present ourselves as we wish. Humans also desire community as having so much different ty types of social Medias it allows us to also feel connected. But such social media could also be used in a variety of ways, 64% of employers and companies use two or more social networks to help job-seekers find work. Could also help law enforcement catch prosecuted criminal as they us images on social media to catch criminals, and like twitter and Facebook both have tracking unite on criminals who brag about their crimes they have committed, help businesses promote their news gadget or update their customers with information. Not only does social media have lots of advantages and helping us get communicated and get on the trend with the hottest or coolest things going on around you there is also some negatives that arise. Cyberbullying, predators, and also decreasing the productivity in the workplace, according to some of the studies that have been done it has been proven that employees get on Facebook at least two or more hours  which is and could be too much while being at work.    

Ubiquitous Computing: Group Presentation

Today was an expert group presentation, ubiquitous computing and I was also part of this group presentation. So what is ubiquitous computing? Well easy, this is simply one of the most fast growing trend toward embedding microprocessors in everyday objects. This allows communication and information to be transferred and shared with the use of the internet at faster rates. The main goal for ubiquitous computing is to be able to create an environment where the devices connectivity are able to connect in such a way that the device is always a step ahead of you, kind of like if it was thinking for you before you even knew what you wanted to do. This is due to all the analysis and information ubiquitous devices and the internet has recorded throughout time from individuals using all sorts of software, applications, and websites such as Facebook, Twitter snap-chat, Instagram and so many other ways. As this continues to happen all the information and analysis done about you the internet can start catching patters of your favorite things to do, foods, entertainment, etc. and start working like an extra brain as it detects familiar things around your area that you might enjoy doing or even reach out to you in ways were it reminds you very specific things that might still need to get done to even take it a step further in ways that are unimaginable. Some very useful ubiquitous devices that are right around the corner to be available for the general public are Home technologies, Commercial technologies, Health technologies , Automobile, and Wearable technologies.  But don’t get these confused with virtual reality as many people do. There is a big difference form ubiquitous computing devices to virtual reality, as virtual reality puts people inside a computer generated world. The only difference is that the computer interface is erased from the picture and for ubiquitous computing forces the computer to interact with our everyday physical world. This pretty much having a microchip and everyday devices allowing such devices to reach out to you. This presentation went quite well for me and the rest of my group members, we were able to have the class participate in a class dissection as well as gave them brain storm a few more ubiquitous devices that might have already be out for the general public and we don’t pay much attention to such devises and the way they help better individuals lives. 

Group One and Two 10/22/2015

    Today's first group presented for their book panel and brought some interesting ideas about their book. For example, Journalism as a peer network this is having the concerns from information management. How are you supposed to get the right information to the right person at the right time. Some other useful networking is 311 hot line in New York, this was a hotline for New Yorkers to call and report any broken street lights in the city or other similar things. Conscious Capitalism, this is when peer-progressive values are applied to corporate structures. The Federal Government tried to apply a top-down structure to the internet with the stop online privacy act. The two main legend starts are the government and Mass Media outlets able to control the internet but as for Orwellian this was a nightmare. This is the idea that peer-progressive ideas in life are similar to networking. At the end of the presentation there was three questing that we had to discuss in a group. This little discussion that took place after their presentation helped me a little more with connecting everything else in their presentation. Peer-networking is something that could be very helpful and useful to humans as it also helps us get connected with other people if you are trying to get your name out there.   

Second group presenting, the digital divide. The digital divide simply defines the haves or have not's. This has some effect on us, the book addressees the digital divide and how each year being digitally connected becomes different in their own way. A very good example of this segregation in the classrooms. Because in today's society the latest trend is what keeps everyone from being cool if you have the coolest new technology you are considered normal as to everyone around. But if you are growing up in a country where having these types of technologies are a little harder to get a hold of makes it harder for some students’ academic performance. When these linguistics behaviors from home clash with the ones expected of students at school, students tend to do worse academically. One of the biggest impact is racial and cultural differences, this can cause a rift in literariness.  

Virtual reality group

Virtual reality group presented today as they introduced us to what virtual reality was and how it has been developing since 1950, and also giving the class some examples of how this could be either very useful in the future or it could become very dangerous. Virtual reality is a computer generated simulation of three-dimensional images or environment, this is by rendering a real world images or environment onto a special electronic that is equipped with high technology allowing to render high definition renders of each environment. With doing so allows the interaction with the virtual reality to become more realistic and the experience to become more real. Such equipment used for this are manly some type of goggles with screens inside of them and at times gloves that come with sensors inside them to allow interaction within the virtual just world. A most recent and good example of this is something google has just recently realized for public use, google glasses. Google glasses is a type of uses head-mount display (OHDM) something very similar to virtual reality. The only difference is that google glasses only allows you to have instant notifications for your email, text and other similar uses. Even though there are lots of advances out there for virtual reality we cannot forget the founding father when it comes to virtual reality. Morton Heiligs was one of the fathers, he applied his cinematographer experience and with the help of his partner they both developed the Sensorama over the course of several years. This was a work in progress from 1957 – 1962 he always had great vision and was always ahead of his time. The Sensorama machine gave you the ability to have all five sense with smell, sound, vibrations of the seat, and wind in the hair to create a more realistic illusion.  Similar things to this was built shorty after and is still used to this day, the flight simulator. This was created with the same concept but instead this has some real uses to it other than entertainment. This flight simulator was made so pilots would be able to train in a much safer way. Virtual reality group brought some very interesting ideas as well as an actually virtual reality simulator. 

Convergence group

Today’s lecture there was a group who presented during class, their presentation was something very different than some of the other groups have done. This group was focused in presenting how convergence has been evolving all around us. Some great examples that the convergence group   brought up during class is how sports broadcasting can have many different way of evolving and we have no clue this is even going on. But in general convergence is when there are two or more distinct entities or phenomena.  Convergence is increasingly prevalent in the IT world; in this context the term refers to the combination of two or more different technologies in a single device. Some of the technologies that are most common and used in today’s society are the ones that we use in a daily bases. For example, convergent in cars is quickly growing. There are cars now that come built in with utilities that we never thought would be available in or car like having a built in touch screen that comes with many useful apps such as having a calendar that allows you to keep reminders as well as having news updates, weather, and many more apps. Not only this but most cars come with built in 4g LTE Wi-Fi allowing the capabilities of the car to expand quite largely. Convergence may influence consumers to accept new technologies. According to some studies, people who aren't computer literate are more likely to embrace the Internet, video-on-demand at least instantly if they can. Even though some or most of these technologies that are allowing us to innovate and come more in handy. Convergent technologies can also become some very serious distractions that has been changing how society is shaped when given so much distractions.  Although these convergence are only being used to our advantage because we live in a world with a do it now attitude as most and all information is on the palm of our hands. Our phone is a great example as well as it has many features integrated such as a camera, calendar, access to the internet and many more things that will allows us to take action right away if there is something that needs to be done. 

Don Topscott: Part three

As we discussed in class from today’s reading Growing up digital part three from tapscott there was lots of valuable points that were brought up into class discussion. Something that was very interesting to me that was being discoed in class was how new media has been effecting lots of things for example, politics is something that is growing and spreading quite quickly. New media is shaping political views as well as social behavior. During the 1990 was the time when there was only two main for politics to reach out to people and get their campaign to continue forward which was wither through broad casting or in order to have a campaign you would have to have people come to your dinner and they would have to pay 500-2500 for their own plate. This limited their ability to reach out and get more supports but since technologies have evolved so much now there are so many different ways to be able to reach out to whoever you like and this is also giving you the opportunity to go worldwide. For example, our president or any party democratic or republican have lot more types of media to reach out to whomever they would like in any part of the world. Facebook and twitter are a good example, now any party can post a status or even comment or share something on either Facebook or twitter and anyone can go and look up their information this is one big step allowing us to get to know what type of person our president really is. In the early 2000 people did not really care who our president really was, as long as he got the job done and know what he was doing that was all that mattered. These types of technologies allows us to tap into more people and have access to more information about what they really are up to. Now days it is more likely to see candidates on media to get more support and more people to vote for them while it is allowing the parties to reach a much broader audience. This was all starting to change during 2008, the new network era. This is a lot more efficient as it also allows us to communicate and discuss our ideas with whomever the person is your try to persuade. Also another thing that was a very valid point was that there is a need to get rid of the old system and bring in the new, “hire more young people”. There is a lot more happening today than there ever was back in the day because of the new Medias that have allowed us to get connected.  

Growing up Digital: Part 2 Erik Lemus

For the past three decades the demographic majority of some main countries such as the United States, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia have been the baby boomers which means that at this point there was a temporary marked increase in the birth rate. This means that anyone born between the years 1946 and 1964 is considered a baby boomer. This huge wave of youth overlaps with the digital revolution which is transforming all facts of our society and could possibly have major changes transformations with these two factors producing a generation which is not just a demographic knot but it is a wave that will cause major transformations. For the first time there was another force controlling the economy when many of the boomers unambiguously the middle-and-upper class young people who delay having any children at a young age. This could only have one reasonable result, if the new generation who just came in (baby boomers) only means one thing and that that they are lengthening youth. For the first time there was a youth movement. Not just this but there was more that came along with the youth movement such as a youth culture and then the concerns of youth also became the dominate culture, political, and economic force in their societies. There was no challenge from the demographic minorities born in the decade following the baby boom until now. There is a new generation that has arrived and this one has an even louder echo than the original, The Net Generation has arrived. This generation is aged from the ages of zero to twenty. Specifying that the Net Generation are embracing interactive media in a way that has not yet been put to challenge such as the Internet, CD-ROM, and video games. With this generation arising also brings new perspectives and incentives throughout some of the major countries, the N-Genres are exceptionally curious, self-reliant, focused, able to adapt, high in self-esteem, and also has a global orientation. Not only has this generation been the greatest challenge to the cultural supremacy of the baby boomers, but technologically speaking there has been a huge change in the way children retain and gather information as well as accepting the information they have gathered. Such generation with so much capacity and intelligence to learn of from arises a problem, N-Genres do quickly realize and find power which is on the internet because it depends on a system where everything is shared and distributed rather than a hierarchal one.  

Growing up Digital: Younger Generations

            Growing up Digital by Don Tapscott, he has compiled some very useful information about today’s youth and what great contributions the younger generation will bring to the future and what they will mean to the future of the economy and society. If today’s world is having a dramatically change and has a great contribution of how it’s shaping our everyday life. This means that the younger generations are starting to embrace a different set of values than their parents did then changing the way society interacts with one another. For example, a younger group of people would be a lot more worried if they had forgotten their phone or computers charger at home because then if the device dies there is no way to stay connected with others, having these electronics always at our positions and ready to be used is one of younger generations most important value. As for older generations like our parents that is one of a less worry to them. They are more interested in not leaving more important behind than their cell phone or even the charger. As generations continue getting younger the values continue on going down. Another great example is when trying to hold a face to face conversation with a younger kid that’s the age between two and twenty two. They will be more concentrated on what’s going on in their phone screen rather than being physically engaged in the conversation she or he is having with either a friend or a family member. These N-Genres use a bit of technologies for many different things, computers for entertainment, business, learning, communicating, shopping and many more things but it is also devaluing certain things such as values start to significantly decrease as technologies are taking over the world; it is much harder to hold the attention of someone whose values are more important in his or her technological devises. Not only are these technologies taking value and importance from a person’s life it is also impacting the economy because companies must keep pace with the technological revolution or things might start going south real quick. If companies want to compete in the new millennium they are urged to throw off the past and embrace the upcoming generations and its new ideas. Instead of having a misconception about kids today these are thrown away in favor of the realities and information about this generation. 

A Better Pencil: by Dennis Baron, Erik Lemus

         Times have quickly been shifting and the tools and technologies that have been used for centuries are now becoming for advanced in the terms that there is much more that use for such technologies. For example, for those people who like to idealize the good old days where everything had to be written by hand either using a pen or pencil. These are the days when writing a paper for a class was literally a mission to get done. If using a technology such as a pen there was no room for mistakes. If there was a mistake or misspelled word there was only two options to choose from either you started all over or having whiteout was very use full. Even with the use of whiteout makes the paper look less clean and professional with such marking still visible in the paper. One of the other option was with a pencil, but most of the times writing with a pencil was just for draft and not used as a final. But when pencil was being used there was the option to erase some mistakes the paper might have. The good old days when texting, emails, social network or really any other website online was still not on full access to everyone. There was no bombardment of spams such as texts, emails, and social network notifications.  

            One of the things that Baron does successfully in this text is taking this idealization and very clearly and usefully analyses this idea and places it into historical context. Baron records the development of the word technologies in a content that is broken down better and gives a much more in-depth understanding from the beginning of writing. Barons purpose is not necessarily to judge reactions to how writing technologies has shifted and made the world shift quite quickly in the matter of few years.  Instead he places them in context, he successfully shows the readers the doubt and fear of new technologies such as Facebook and twitter have provoked the digital revolution to provided America with new others making our nation into a nation of writers.

            Baron also contains some very interesting information in this book about Thoreau, for many people Thoreau has come to represent the anti-technologies idea. But instead Baron quite interesting tells a story about this man. He explains how Thoreau, someone who would sit in the forest alone to write in his journal latterly created a “better pencil” he was hired to work for his father attempting to improve the pencil. Baron also brings a great point, why was the pencil made? Well back in the day in order to write a letter or note to someone you had to have some tools available for you such as ink, feather, and some goat skin sheet for paper. Thoreau invention of one of the first laptops is a huge stretch for such claim Baron unpacks it, explaining how this made it available to use when on the go with no messy ink or feathers. 

Group Presentation: Here Comes Everybody

     Today being the first day for our book panel review for class and there were two different groups presenting and each analyzing a different book. The first group up was assigned the book here comes everybody by Clay Shirk. This was something totally different than what we have been doing in class but making this a little different made the class more engaging.  Having a group analyzing the book gives you more of an opportunity to have more questions about the main point they picked up from this book and also arise some points that the group might be able to elaborate a little more on. The book here comes everybody is has some very interesting points, as mention in class by the first group that we are from a world where media is mainly to provide information evolving to a world where media has been drastically changing. 

As the internet is quickly changing and shaping the way we are interacting with one another change media to a cite where people are allowed to collaborate, share information and ultimately be able to work together I a collaborative way. This book is also showing how social media is different than podcasting media. Currently in the 21 century are at the stage where media is all around us and is being used for many attributes to help humans make their life easier all around. Know this brings a very important point, you know the saying about finding information online “don’t trust the internet” this is due to the fact of one of the theory’s this book arises. For example, it is very easy to share information on websites for example YouTube and nabster. There are also examples where people come together and build things together such as Wikipedia or Lenox, but this doesn’t always mean that the information given by other users is correct. One of the things this group also mentions is that this will give the ability for people to take action in the world sometimes this is politically actions and sometimes it could be economical actions taking action as a group no just individuals. But my question is, is media really used for such things or is this switching as media evolves. 

Things Fall Apart: Government Laws

   In chapter 23 there are some very interesting evens happening that bring up a very worldwide discussion that is still happening today with politics and the laws that some governments have. In this chapter it is more than obvious that the tragedy that Okonkwo and his six other leaders from the village had caused was done to bring back the norm and peace of the village. Okonkwo seemed to be very satisfied and pleased with what the sex leaders have accomplished. The destruction they caused to the church to them seemed as if it would bring some kind of peace, little did they know that this was only going to cause them more harm. As the chapter continues it is clear that this chapter describes the oppressive yet naive that the British took to ensure that all colonial justice were being served. This is a real concur that has evolved and is still happening today, for example, after all the destruction that has happened the District Commissioner says how he wants to hear both sides of the clan leaders story. He asked the leaders to come join him in and meet with him in his government office and twelve other men. The six leaders agreed to meet with him because he seemed as if he was wanting to fix this and get some sort of peace agreement reminding them that he and his government promote peace and want to help them be happy. There was still doubts in the six men, they weren’t trusting the District Commissioner so the six leaders took their machetes. As the Commissioner asked the leaders to explain their actions towards the church the leaders have had put their machetes down already. The twelve men surprised the leaders and hand cuffed the six leaders of the village.  This act is something similar to today’s society, if you go to court or any police station to explain your side of the story no matter if there is an actual good reasoning behind all of this there will still be no reasonable justice. Still going to get some kind of punishment or worse. As the six leaders get imprisoned the commissioner tells them that they will be treated well and set free only after paying some fines due to the destruction that they have caused.  This is nowhere near the truth, when the government tries throwing you in jail they will say that they will keep you safe and be set free after paying some fines. Okonkwo and his six other men were repeatedly mistreat the six leaders. They would shave their heads, go two days with no food or toilet services. This is much like prison in today’s world, the government lies to get you were they want.

Achebe: Enganging with the composition

Things fallen apart by Chinua Achebe, one of the most interesting novel that I have came across. This is a post-colonial novel that was written in 1958. As I started reading the novel I was quickly engaged in the way the novel distributed its information about each one of the characters. This was quite interesting to me only to engage myself into the reading. As I continued on reading the novel I soon noticed the way the content of the novel was written it would throw me of. Quickly asking myself why type of narration could this be? Figuring this out before continuing on reading could make it much easier for me to understand the narration. 

            Reaching half ways through chapter two I understood there was quite a bit going on in the book already, only have I read one and half chapters and lots of very important things have already happened in the novel. For example, in the first chapter we get introduced to Okonkwo, a young boy who was very well respected because of his victorious win against Amalinze, who was nicknamed “cat”, as stories say cat was given that name because his back has never touched earth. Okonkwo who defeated a seven year champion soon became very famous, talented, wealthy, successful as he owned his own farm of yams, was married to three wife’s with eight kids and supporting every single one of them in their own hut. As the narration continues in third person mainly focusing on Okonkwo and his successes though out his young life it also shows how Okonkwo struggles to be as different from his now dead father. He thinks he father to be weak, effeminate, lazy, embarrassing, and poor. He showed only how to be strong, masculine, industrious, respected, and wealthy. There is lots of skipping from characters to characters. This is done throughout the novel as it jumps from character to character to detail the thoughts and motives of various individuals that have a small but important part of the novel such as Okonkwo’s father and his motives influencing his son Okonkwo.

            The novel only continues to show Okonkwo struggles to keep from being like his dad, he then finds out that one of his sons is also lazy and beats him afraid that he will end up like his father Unoka.

Ong: Shifting from orality to development of script

As Ong continues on discussing and focusing mainly with primary orality in the first couple of chapters he quickly shifts over from discussing of primary orality to the development of scripts. Ong is taking into account some of the things that are not usually thought about or brought into consideration when studying or working with literacy in any sort of filed. For example, one of the most important effects that Ong discusses in chapter four is being able to understand a deeper meaning of pristine or primary orality he suggests that “pristine or primary orality enables us better to understand the new world of writing, what it truly is, and what functionally literate human beings really are” (Ong, 77). This might be the only way to help human beings better understand that writing does distance the originator of his or her thoughts from the receiver. This might be because writing does this by enabling the existence of dialog. When there is no dialog enabled there is also the absence of direct questioning or contested to the originator about his writing. This is really important in literature because the originator might be trying to convey an important message across to a certain type of audience and if the message is not clear to that audience there was no message really going across. As if there was actually primary orality there could be some questions about what the originator was trying to get across. There is a bigger chance of dialog, bouncing ideas of each other, and sharing further information.

Writing still has a much deeper understanding and meaning to our everyday lives that human beings go on with their day not fully being aware that without writing the mind would not be functioning the way it does, this is not only when engaged in writing but when its normally composing its thoughts in oral form (Ong, 77). Ong also explains how writing is evolving from more than just literacy, it is also becoming a way of expression. Humans are moving from an oral-aural-based sensory world to one where vision controls supreme. The transition of writing is giving us a sense of earlier culture effects and what humans think about it. With orality there is more spread of knowledge than with literacy because there is more of a dialog and chances to have an open discussion with the originator. This holds a structured way of thinking rather than having ideas floating around in your head with no actual meaning or structure.

Differences between Literature and Orality

This heavily dense book is a creation and collage of lots of different topics and ideas that mainly focus and represent the Literacy and orality in our times. There is a compact mixture of a wide range of work cited from different authors that compare and contrast their understanding of Literature and Orality. The Technologizing of the Word discuss how there is a difference between oral and Literacy, as mentioned in the first chapter father Ferdinand de Saussure of modern linguistics had called and payed close attention to the primacy of oral speech. This reinforces all verbal communication but Ferdinand thought of writing not as the transformer of verbalization but instead a complement to oral speech (Ong 5). Saussure linguistics had developed a very highly sophisticated study of phonemics, this is to show how language is incorporated in sound. Humans existed before writing was passed on through verbalized records. 

The earliest script only dates from 6,000 years ago but human have been in existence for a much greater time than that. Homo sapiens have been in existence for nearly 30,000 – 50,000 years. There are thousands and thousands of different types of writings and languages but there are only a few that are still around today and being used. Throughout the years of human existence and the tens of thousands of languages that have been spoken in the course of history there has been only 106 languages that have even been committed to writing to a degree appropriate enough to have been able to produce literature. Out of all the 3000 languages only 78 of the languages do have literature but there is no way to calculate how many languages have disappeared or been transmuted into different languages before writing came along (Ong, 7). With so many different languages some seem to also be forgotten, the only way to not have forgotten the different types of languages is by having them writing down. Soon evolution of orality and literacy came along making it possible to understand better both oral culture and subsequent writing culture. Print is the buildup of pristine culture and subsequent writing culture keeping in mind that literacy began with writing for example, this book is a good example of some type of print but also writing.

 As we introduced print and begin to start discussing more about, it is also important to keep in mind that the print culture brings writing into a new peak. This new type of orality called ‘secondary orality’ questioned our understanding of the differences between orality and literacy as the electronic age starts to rise. However how will the era of technology continue on shifting the way we interact, communicate with one another. If scholars continue on studying the differences of these three different types of field’s oral culture, subsequent writing culture and print chances are that print will continue shifting from orality to literacy on to electronic processing into different structures.